Bibliographie zu den Vorlesungen

(I) Methodological preliminaries: the distinction between meaning and speech-acts. The performativity of texts: the recovery of what texts are doing, what purposes they were designed to serve.

(II) The general theme of the lectures: Thomas Hobbes and the idea of the representative State.

(i) A genealogy of the concept of representation. Representation as the production of images or likenesses. Representation as speaking and acting in the name of others: the idea of 'bearing their person'; the idea of 'representing' them.

(ii) The emergence of the idea of representative government in Anglophone thought.

(a)The rejection of the divine right of kings.

(b) The natural condition of mankind as a condition of freedom. The meaning of political freedom: freedom as absence of interference vs. freedom as absence of dependence.

(c) Natural freedom and the creation of lawful government. The indispensability of consent. The possibility of achieving popular consent: the people as One Person. The inconceivability of consenting to absolute power.

(d) The three-stage evolution of lawful government - Lecture II

(I) The three-stage evolution of lawful government:

(i) The authorisation of rulers: the use of the political covenant to set limits to the power of rulers: rulers as minor universis ; the right to resist tyranny by force.

(ii) The descent into tyranny and war; and (iii) the ensuing decision to authorise Parliaments to represent the people and act as a counterpoise to kings.

(II) Parliaments and the representation of the people:

(i) the right of Parliament to speak and act in the name of the people. Members of Parliament as 'actors', 'representers'.

(ii) The need for Parliament to be a recognisable representation (image or portrait) of the people.

(iii) The concept of 'virtual' representation: the claim that Parliament 'virtually' is the people.

(III) The outcome of the three stages: the idea of mixed monarchy vs. the sovereignty of Parliament.

(i) The application of the idea of Parliamentary sovereignty in 1642: legitimising forcible resistance to the alleged tyranny of the crown.

(ii) The application of the idea in 1649: the abolition of the monarchy and the proclamation of a ' free state '.

(IV) Reactions to the free state after 1649:

(i) The defence of the free state as an ordained power.

(ii) Attacks on the free state :

(a) The radical attack on the failed revolution: the republic as an enslaving power.

(b) Counter-revolutionary attacks:

-- Restatement of theories of divine right

-- Critiques of the logic of parliamentary sovereignty and the free state : The critique of Robert Filmer; the critique of Thomas Hobbes.

(V) Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan as a critique of the 'democratical gentlemen'.

(i) Hobbes's partial endorsement of their case: the state of nature as a state of freedom; the impossibility of obligation without consent; the need for authorisation.

(ii) Hobbes's critique of the democratical gentlemen: the rejection of 'the body of the people'; the rejection of the covenant between rulers and people, and consequent rejection of minor universis and forcible resistance; the rejection of Parliament as representative of the people; Hobbes's idea of sovereign representativeness; the dispensability of Parliaments.

(iii) Hobbes's resulting dilemma-- who is the 'subject' of sovereignty? - Lecture III

(I) Hobbes on the State as the subject of sovereignty. The relations between authorised sovereigns and the Person of the State.

(II) Hobbes's resulting difficulty: why is the absolute rule of sovereigns not a system of enslavement?

(i) Hobbes's admission in The Elements of Law : submission to government does indeed leave us in the condition of 'servants'.

(ii) Hobbes's new response in Leviathan : a new analysis of political liberty.

(a) Hobbes's general idea of freedom:

The ontological basis: bodies in motion as the only reality.

Freedom as the capacity of bodies to move without external impediment.

(b) The idea of human freedom:

Hobbes on the 'free-man' as someone who finds no 'stop' in performing actions within their powers. Freedom as absence of physical impediment. Freedom and liberty.

(III) Hobbes's resulting critique of the idea of ' free states ':

(i) The giving up of the 'natural liberty' of the state of nature.

(ii) The partial retention of natural liberty:

(a) Due to the silence of the law.

(b) Due to the continued possession of the 'true liberties' of a subject.

(iii) The capacity to remain a free-man while living subject to law and government. The compatibility between freedom and the coercive power of law.

(IV) Hobbes on political obligation:

(i) The indispensability of consent.

(ii) The disjoining of political obligation from the right to rule. 'The end of obedience is protection'.

(iii) The compatibility between conquest and consent.

(iv) Hobbes's last word: the legality of submitting to the English republic.

(V) Envoi : The history of political philosophy as political philosophy.

(i) Pre-c17 works:

Ambrose (1845). 'Epistola XV' in J. Migne (ed.) Patrologiae Cursus Completus , Volume 16, col. 958. Paris .

Bracton Henry de [c.1260]. De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae, Libri Quinque ( London , 1640).

Cicero (1534). The thre bookes of Tullyes offices both in latyne tonge & in englysshe , London .

Cicero (1913). De Officiis , ed. and trans. Walter Miller, London .

Cicero (1942). De oratore , ed. and trans. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham, 2 vols., London .

Digesta [The Digest of Justinian] , ed. Theodor Mommsen and Paul Krueger, translation ed. Alan Watson, 4 vols. ( Philadelphia , 1985).

Gregory (1887-99). 'Epistola 1' in P. Edwald and L. M. Hartmann (eds.) Registrum Epistolarum , 2 vols. , Vol. I, pp. 1-2, Berlin .

Modus Tenendi Parlamentum [c.1320]. Ed. N. Pronay and J. Taylor, Oxford , 1980.

Pliny (1938-62). Natural History , trans. H. Rackham, 10 vols., London .

Quintilian (1920-22). Institutio oratoria , ed. and trans. H. E. Butler, 4 vols., London .

Smith, Thomas, De Republica Anglorum [1563], ed. M. Dewar ( Cambridge , 1982).

(ii) The English revolution:

(a) The parliamentarian case, 1640-44:

Bridge, William (1643). The Wounded Conscience Cured, London .

Bridge, William (1643). The Truth of the Times Vindicated , London .

Goodwin, John (1642). Anti-Cavalierisme , London .

Goodwin, Thomas (1642). Christ Set Forth , London .

[Herle, Charles] (1642). A Fuller Answer London .

[Hunton, Philip] (1643). A Treatise of Monarchie , London .

M., J. (1643). A Soveraigne Salve to Cure the Blind , London .

Maximes unfolded (1643). London .

[Parker, Henry] (1640). The Case of Ship-Mony , London .

[Parker, Henry] (1642). Observations upon his Majesties late Answers and Expresses , London .

[Parker, Henry] (1643). The Contra-Replicant, His Complaint To His Maiestie , n.p.

[Parker, Henry] (1644). Jus Populi , London .

Prynne, William (1643). The Soveraigne Power of Parliaments and Kingdomes , London .

(b) Opponents of the parliamentarian case, 1640-44:

[Bramhall, John] (1643). The Serpent Salve , n.p.

Charles I (1642). His Majesties Answer to the XIX Propositions , London .

[Digges, Dudley] (1644). The Unlawfulnesse of Subjects Taking Up Armes , Oxford .

Hobbes, Thomas [1640]. The Elements of Law Natural and Politic , ed . Ferdinand Tönnies, second edition, Introd. M. M. Goldsmith ( London , 1969).

Hobbes, Thomas [1642]. De Cive , ed. Howard Warrender (Oxford: The Clarendon Edition, Vol. 3, 1983).

(c) Arguments over the republic, 1649-52:

Filmer, Robert [1652]. Observations upon Aristotle's politiques, touching forms of government in Patriarcha and Other Writings, ed. Johann P. Sommerville ( Cambridge , 1991), pp. 235-86.

Hobbes, Thomas [1651]. Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme, & Power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill , ed . Richard Tuck ( Cambridge , 1996).

King Charls his Tryal (1649). London .

[Lilburne, John] [1649]. England 's new chains discovered in The English Levellers, ed. Andrew Sharp ( Cambridge , 1998), pp. 140-57.

Milton, John [1649]. The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates in Political Writings, ed. Martin Dzelzainis ( Cambridge , 1991), pp. 1-48.

Nedham, Marchamont [1650]. The Case of the Common-wealth of England Stated ed. Philip A. Knachel ( Charlottesville , 1969).

[Rous, Francis] [1649]. The Lawfulnes Of obeying the Present Government, London .

(i) Recent literature on parliamentarian theories:

Corns, Thomas N. (1995). 'Milton and the Characteristics of a Free Commonwealth' in Milton and Republicanism , ed. David Armitage, Armand Himy and Quentin Skinner, Cambridge, pp. 25-42.

Dzelzainis, Martin (1995). 'Milton's Classical Republicanism' in Milton and Republicanism , ed. David Armitage, Armand Himy and Quentin Skinner, Cambridge, pp. 3-24

Dzelzainis, Martin (2002). 'Ideas in Conflict: Political and Religious Thought during the English Revolution' in The Cambridge Companion to Writing of the English Revolution, ed. N. H. Keeble, Cambridge, pp. 32-49.

Mendle, Michael (1995). Henry Parker and the English Civil War, Cambridge .

Norbrook, David (1999). Writing the English Republic : Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics 1627-1660 , Cambridge .

Pocock, J. G. A. (1987). The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law, Cambridge .

Sanderson, John (1989). 'But the people's creatures': the philosophical basis of the English civil war, Manchester .

Skinner, Quentin (2002). 'Classical Liberty and the Coming of the English Civil War' in Republicanism: A Shard European Heritage , 2 vols., ed. Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner, Cambridge, vol II, pp. 9-28.

Smith, Nigel (1994). Literature and Revolution in England , 1640-1660, London .

Sommerville, J. P. (1999). Royalists and Patriots, London .

(ii) Recent literature (chiefly in English) on the aspects of Hobbes's philosophy discussed in the lectures:

(a) Freedom:

Gauthier, David P. (1969). The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes, Oxford .

Goldsmith, M. M. (1989). 'Hobbes on Liberty ', Hobbes Studies 2, pp. 23-39.

Kramer, Matthew H. (2001). 'Freedom, Unfreedom and Skinner's Hobbes', The Journal of Political Philosophy 9, pp. 204-16.

Pettit, Philip (2005). ' Liberty and Leviathan' , Politics, Philosophy and Economics 4, pp. 131-51.

Raphael, D. D. (1984). 'Hobbes', in Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy, ed. Zbigniew Pelczynski and John Gray, London , pp. 27-38.

Skinner, Quentin (2002). 'Hobbes on the Proper Signification of Liberty ' in Visions of Politics , Volume III: Hobbes and Civil Science, Cambridge , pp. 209-37.

(b) Representation:

Baumgold, Deborah (1988). Hobbes's Political Theory , Cambridge .

Copp, David (1980). 'Hobbes on Artificial Persons and Collective Actions', The Philosophical Review 89, pp. 579-606.

Hill, Christopher (1986). 'Covenant Theology and the Concept of a "Public Person"' in The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill, Volume Three: People and Ideas in 17 th Century England , Brighton , pp. 300-24.

Jaume, Lucien (1986). Hobbes et l'État représentatif moderne, Paris .

Kronman, Anthony (1980). 'The Concept of an Author and the Unity of the Commonwealth in Hobbes's Leviathan', Journal of the History of Philosophy 18, pp. 159-75.

Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel (1967). The Concept of Representation, Berkeley , Cal .,

Zarka, Yves Charles (1998). Philosophie et politique à l'âge classique , Paris , 1998.

(c) The State:

Tukiainen, Arto (1994). 'The Commonwealth as a Person in Hobbes's Leviathan ', Hobbes Studies 7, pp. 44-55.

Pye, Christopher (1984). 'The Sovereign, the Theater, and the Kingdome of Darknesse: Hobbes and the Spectacle of Power', Representations 8, pp. 84-106.

Runciman, David (1997). Pluralism and the Personality of the State, Cambridge .

Runciman, David (2000). 'What Kind of Person is Hobbes's State? A Reply to Skinner', The Journal of Political Philosophy 8, pp. 268-78.

Skinner, Quentin (2002). 'From the State of Princes to the Person of the State' in Visions of Politics, Volume II: Renaissance Virtues, Cambridge , pp. 368-413.

Skinner, Quentin (2002). 'Hobbes and the Purely Artificial Person of the State' in Visions of Politics , Volume III: Hobbes and Civil Science, Cambridge , pp. 177-208.

(d) Political Obligation:

Dietz, Mary G. (1990). 'Hobbes's Subject as Citizen' in Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory, ed. Mary G. Dietz, Lawrence , Kan. , pp. 91-119.

Gauthier, David P. (1969). The Logic of Leviathan: The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes, Oxford .

Hoekstra, Kinch (2001). 'Tyrannus Rex vs . Leviathan', Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 82, pp. 420-46.

Hoekstra, Kinch (2004). 'The de facto Turn in Hobbes's Political Philosophy' in Leviathan After 350 Years, ed. Tom Sorell and Luc Foisneau, Oxford: The Clarendon Press, pp. 33-73.

Leyden , Wolfgang von (1982). Hobbes and Locke: The Politics of Freedom and Obligation, London .

Skinner, Quentin (2002). 'The Context of Hobbes's Theory of Political Obligation' in Visions of Politics , Volume III: Hobbes and Civil Science, Cambridge , pp. 264-86.